Original Text(~250 words)
CHAPTER VII. OUR VIRTUES 214. OUR Virtues?--It is probable that we, too, have still our virtues, although naturally they are not those sincere and massive virtues on account of which we hold our grandfathers in esteem and also at a little distance from us. We Europeans of the day after tomorrow, we firstlings of the twentieth century--with all our dangerous curiosity, our multifariousness and art of disguising, our mellow and seemingly sweetened cruelty in sense and spirit--we shall presumably, IF we must have virtues, have those only which have come to agreement with our most secret and heartfelt inclinations, with our most ardent requirements: well, then, let us look for them in our labyrinths!--where, as we know, so many things lose themselves, so many things get quite lost! And is there anything finer than to SEARCH for one's own virtues? Is it not almost to BELIEVE in one's own virtues? But this "believing in one's own virtues"--is it not practically the same as what was formerly called one's "good conscience," that long, respectable pigtail of an idea, which our grandfathers used to hang behind their heads, and often enough also behind their understandings? It seems, therefore, that however little we may imagine ourselves to be old-fashioned and grandfatherly respectable in other respects, in one thing we are nevertheless the worthy grandchildren of our grandfathers, we last Europeans with good consciences: we also still wear their pigtail.--Ah! if you only knew how soon, so very soon--it will be different! 215. As...
Continue reading the full chapter
Purchase the complete book to access all chapters and support classic literature
As an Amazon Associate, we earn a small commission from qualifying purchases at no additional cost to you.
Available in paperback, hardcover, and e-book formats
Summary
Nietzsche dissects the virtues of modern Europeans, arguing that contemporary morality has become a performance rather than genuine character development. He explores how modern people juggle multiple moral systems like costumes, never finding one that truly fits. The chapter examines the difference between inherited virtue and authentic self-creation, suggesting that today's 'virtues' often mask weakness rather than demonstrate strength. Nietzsche critiques the modern obsession with eliminating suffering, arguing instead that great suffering produces the highest human achievements. He challenges the notion of universal morality, insisting that different types of people require different moral frameworks. The discussion extends to gender relations, where Nietzsche controversially argues that the push for women's equality misunderstands fundamental differences between men and women. Throughout, he positions himself and fellow 'free spirits' as immoralists who reject conventional moral categories in favor of honest self-examination. The chapter reveals how moral language has become divorced from moral reality, with people using virtue-talk to avoid the hard work of actual character development. Nietzsche suggests that true virtue emerges from struggle and self-overcoming, not from following prescribed rules or seeking comfort.
That's what happens. To understand what the author is really doing—and to discuss this chapter with confidence—keep reading.
Terms to Know
Good conscience
The comfortable feeling that you're morally right without having to think too hard about it. Nietzsche sees this as inherited moral certainty that people wear like an old-fashioned hairstyle - outdated but still hanging on.
Modern Usage:
Like when people post virtue-signaling content on social media without actually changing their behavior - they feel good about themselves without doing the hard work.
Virtue performance
Acting virtuous for show rather than genuinely developing character. Nietzsche argues that modern people treat morality like costumes they can put on and take off depending on the situation.
Modern Usage:
Corporate diversity statements that don't match hiring practices, or politicians who talk about family values while cheating on their spouses.
Free spirits
People who reject conventional moral rules and think for themselves about right and wrong. They're willing to be uncomfortable and question everything, even their own beliefs.
Modern Usage:
The person who asks hard questions at work meetings when everyone else just goes along with bad decisions, even when it makes them unpopular.
Immoralist
Someone who rejects traditional moral categories entirely, not because they're evil but because they think the whole system is flawed. They want to create their own values from scratch.
Modern Usage:
Like questioning whether the American Dream is actually good for people, or whether being a 'good employee' just means being exploited.
Self-overcoming
The process of becoming stronger by facing and conquering your own weaknesses and limitations. Nietzsche believes this struggle is what creates genuine character.
Modern Usage:
Going back to school as an adult even though it's terrifying, or leaving a toxic relationship even when you're afraid of being alone.
Moral multifariousness
Having multiple, often contradictory moral systems that you switch between. Modern people juggle different ethics for work, family, and personal life without noticing the conflicts.
Modern Usage:
Being honest with friends but lying to your boss, or supporting workers' rights while shopping at stores that exploit workers.
Characters in This Chapter
The modern European
Cultural archetype
Represents the confused moral state of contemporary people who inherit old values but live in new circumstances. They perform virtue while lacking genuine character development.
Modern Equivalent:
The person who posts about social justice but treats service workers badly
The grandfathers
Moral ancestors
Represent the previous generation who had clear, simple moral codes. Nietzsche respects their sincerity while criticizing their rigidity and lack of self-examination.
Modern Equivalent:
The older generation who had clear rules about work and family that don't fit modern life
The woman of today
Cultural symbol
Nietzsche uses contemporary women seeking equality as an example of how modern people misunderstand their own nature and try to force themselves into inappropriate roles.
Modern Equivalent:
Anyone trying to be someone they're not because society says they should
The last Europeans
Transitional figures
People caught between old and new moral systems, still clinging to inherited conscience while living in a world that makes those values meaningless.
Modern Equivalent:
People who still believe in the American Dream while watching it become impossible to achieve
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches how to distinguish between performed goodness and genuine character by examining actions versus words.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when people's moral language doesn't match their behavior—at work, in relationships, or in public spaces.
You have the foundation. Now let's look closer.
Key Quotes & Analysis
"Is there anything finer than to search for one's own virtues?"
Context: Nietzsche questions whether modern people are genuinely developing character or just congratulating themselves
This reveals the self-deception of modern morality. People think they're being virtuous by looking for their own goodness, but they're really just seeking validation rather than growth.
In Today's Words:
Isn't it great how I'm always finding new ways to prove I'm a good person?
"We also still wear their pigtail"
Context: Describing how modern Europeans still cling to their ancestors' moral certainty
The pigtail represents outdated moral fashion that people keep wearing out of habit. We think we're modern but we're still following old rules that don't fit our lives.
In Today's Words:
We're still following our grandparents' playbook even though the game has completely changed.
"Our mellow and seemingly sweetened cruelty in sense and spirit"
Context: Describing the characteristics of modern Europeans
Modern people have learned to be cruel in polite, sophisticated ways. We've made meanness socially acceptable by making it seem refined or justified.
In Today's Words:
We've gotten really good at being nasty while pretending we're being nice about it.
Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Road of Virtue Theater - When Good Behavior Becomes Performance
People perform moral goodness instead of developing genuine character, using virtue signals to avoid the hard work of actual growth.
Thematic Threads
Performance
In This Chapter
Nietzsche shows how modern virtue has become theatrical, with people wearing moral costumes rather than developing authentic character
Development
Introduced here
In Your Life:
You might catch yourself posting about values you don't actually live by, or talking about growth while avoiding real change.
Authenticity
In This Chapter
The chapter contrasts genuine self-creation with inherited or performed values that never truly fit the individual
Development
Introduced here
In Your Life:
You might realize you're following rules that made sense for others but don't align with who you actually are.
Suffering
In This Chapter
Nietzsche argues that avoiding all suffering prevents the growth that creates genuine virtue and strength
Development
Introduced here
In Your Life:
You might recognize how your attempts to eliminate discomfort have also eliminated opportunities for real development.
Social Expectations
In This Chapter
The pressure to conform to universal moral standards prevents individuals from discovering their own authentic values
Development
Introduced here
In Your Life:
You might notice how you modify your behavior based on who's watching rather than what you actually believe.
Self-Knowledge
In This Chapter
True virtue requires honest self-examination rather than adoption of popular moral positions
Development
Introduced here
In Your Life:
You might realize you've been avoiding difficult truths about yourself by focusing on being seen as good by others.
Modern Adaptation
When the Promotion Goes Sideways
Following Fredericka's story...
Marcus watches his supervisor Rachel get promoted to district manager after eighteen months of perfect performance reviews and glowing feedback from corporate. But Marcus knows what the night shift really looks like—Rachel disappearing for hours, leaving skeleton crews to handle emergencies, falsifying safety reports. During the day, she's all smiles and buzzwords about 'team excellence' and 'patient-centered care.' The other CNAs whisper about it but never speak up. When Marcus considers reporting the safety violations, his coworker warns him: 'Rachel's got connections upstairs. She knows how to talk their language.' Marcus realizes he's watching someone climb the ladder not through competence, but through moral performance. She's mastered the art of saying the right things while doing the wrong ones. The real question isn't whether Rachel deserves the promotion—it's whether the system rewards virtue theater over actual virtue. Marcus faces a choice: play the game or challenge it, knowing that honest people often lose to skilled performers.
The Road
The road Nietzsche's 'modern Europeans' walked in 1886, Marcus walks today. The pattern is identical: people performing virtue instead of developing character, using moral language to mask moral emptiness.
The Map
This chapter provides a detection system for virtue theater. Marcus can learn to distinguish between people who talk about values and people who live them by watching what they do when nobody's looking.
Amplification
Before reading this, Marcus might have felt confused about why good people seem to lose while smooth talkers advance. Now he can NAME virtue theater, PREDICT how it operates in workplace hierarchies, and NAVIGATE by focusing on building real character rather than performing fake virtue.
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
What does Nietzsche mean when he says modern people wear virtues like costumes instead of developing genuine character?
analysis • surface - 2
Why does Nietzsche argue that trying to eliminate all suffering actually prevents people from developing strength and character?
analysis • medium - 3
Where do you see people performing virtue instead of practicing it in your workplace, social media, or community?
application • medium - 4
How would you distinguish between someone who genuinely embodies their values versus someone who just talks about them?
application • deep - 5
What does this chapter reveal about why moral progress feels so slow despite everyone claiming to support good causes?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Virtue Theater Audit
Think of three values you publicly support or have posted about online. For each one, write down one concrete action you've taken in the past month that actually demonstrates this value, and one way you've fallen short. This isn't about shame—it's about honest self-assessment to identify where your actions match your stated beliefs.
Consider:
- •Focus on actions, not intentions or feelings
- •Look for patterns where you perform virtue without practicing it
- •Notice if your private behavior matches your public positions
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when you realized you were performing a virtue instead of living it. What changed when you started focusing on actual character development rather than appearing virtuous?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 8: Peoples and Countries
What lies ahead teaches us cultural identity shapes national character and artistic expression, and shows us understanding your own cultural biases helps you see beyond them. These patterns appear in literature and life alike.