Original Text(~250 words)
CHAPTER IV It was a warm rainy autumn day. The sky and the horizon were both the color of muddy water. At times a sort of mist descended, and then suddenly heavy slanting rain came down. Denísov in a felt cloak and a sheepskin cap from which the rain ran down was riding a thin thoroughbred horse with sunken sides. Like his horse, which turned its head and laid its ears back, he shrank from the driving rain and gazed anxiously before him. His thin face with its short, thick black beard looked angry. Beside Denísov rode an esaul, * Denísov’s fellow worker, also in felt cloak and sheepskin cap, and riding a large sleek Don horse. * A captain of Cossacks. Esaul Lováyski the Third was a tall man as straight as an arrow, pale-faced, fair-haired, with narrow light eyes and with calm self-satisfaction in his face and bearing. Though it was impossible to say in what the peculiarity of the horse and rider lay, yet at first glance at the esaul and Denísov one saw that the latter was wet and uncomfortable and was a man mounted on a horse, while looking at the esaul one saw that he was as comfortable and as much at ease as always and that he was not a man who had mounted a horse, but a man who was one with his horse, a being consequently possessed of twofold strength. A little ahead of them walked a peasant guide, wet to...
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Summary
Denísov leads his guerrilla band through a miserable rainy day, everyone soaked and hungry, waiting for crucial intelligence that hasn't arrived. The weather becomes a character itself—testing resolve, revealing temperament, and adding urgency to military decisions. While Denísov grows increasingly irritable and anxious about a planned attack on a French transport, young Pétya Rostóv arrives with dispatches, his youthful enthusiasm contrasting sharply with the seasoned fighters' grim professionalism. The chapter masterfully shows how external pressures—weather, hunger, time constraints—strip away social niceties and reveal true character. Denísov's frustration stems not just from discomfort but from the weight of command: he must decide whether to attack alone or risk losing the opportunity to German allies. Pétya's arrival brings both relief and complication—he's eager to prove himself but represents the dangerous innocence of youth in war. The scene captures a universal truth about leadership: decisions must be made with incomplete information while managing both external pressures and internal team dynamics. Tolstoy uses the rain-soaked setting to explore themes of endurance, the gap between generations, and how ordinary human needs—warmth, food, shelter—persist even amid grand historical events. The chapter builds tension toward the planned attack while examining how people behave when stripped of comfort and certainty.
That's what happens. To understand what the author is really doing—and to discuss this chapter with confidence—keep reading.
Terms to Know
Guerrilla warfare
Small groups of fighters using hit-and-run tactics against larger, organized armies. They rely on surprise, local knowledge, and mobility rather than direct confrontation. Denísov leads this type of irregular fighting force against Napoleon's troops.
Modern Usage:
We see this in workplace resistance - small teams finding creative ways to work around corporate bureaucracy, or grassroots movements using social media to challenge larger institutions.
Esaul
A Cossack military rank, roughly equivalent to a captain. The esaul in this chapter represents the professional warrior class - someone born into military tradition. His comfort in harsh conditions shows years of training and natural aptitude.
Modern Usage:
Like the coworker who thrives under pressure while everyone else is stressed - some people are just built for certain environments.
Intelligence gathering
The military practice of collecting information about enemy movements and plans before making strategic decisions. Denísov is waiting for crucial information that will determine whether his attack succeeds or fails.
Modern Usage:
Today this is market research, checking social media before a first date, or asking around about a company before taking a job - gathering information before making important decisions.
Command pressure
The psychological weight leaders feel when making decisions that affect others' lives. Denísov must choose between attacking with incomplete information or losing the opportunity entirely. The weather and hunger add to this stress.
Modern Usage:
Any supervisor deciding whether to implement changes without full data, or a parent making quick decisions during a family crisis - leadership means choosing with incomplete information.
Generational divide in warfare
The contrast between experienced fighters who understand war's harsh realities and young recruits eager to prove themselves. Pétya represents youthful enthusiasm that hasn't been tempered by experience.
Modern Usage:
New employees who volunteer for everything versus veterans who know which battles are worth fighting - experience teaches you to conserve energy for what matters.
Environmental pressure
How external conditions like weather, hunger, and discomfort reveal true character and affect decision-making. The rain strips away social niceties and shows who people really are under stress.
Modern Usage:
How people behave during power outages, traffic jams, or family emergencies - comfort masks personality, but stress reveals it.
Characters in This Chapter
Denísov
Guerrilla commander
A partisan leader struggling with the weight of command during harsh conditions. His irritability shows how external pressures affect even experienced leaders. He must make crucial decisions about attacking French forces without complete intelligence.
Modern Equivalent:
The shift supervisor who has to make tough calls with limited information while everyone looks to them for answers
Esaul Lováyski
Professional warrior
A Cossack officer who remains calm and comfortable despite the miserable weather. His natural ease in harsh conditions contrasts with Denísov's visible discomfort, showing how some people are simply built for certain challenges.
Modern Equivalent:
The coworker who stays cool during crisis situations while everyone else is panicking
Pétya Rostóv
Young messenger
A youth delivering dispatches who represents the dangerous enthusiasm of inexperience. His arrival brings both relief and concern - he carries needed information but also embodies the reckless courage that gets young people killed in war.
Modern Equivalent:
The eager new hire who volunteers for dangerous assignments without understanding the real risks
The peasant guide
Local informant
A wet, miserable local man leading the guerrillas through familiar territory. His presence shows how war affects ordinary people who get caught between opposing forces and must choose sides to survive.
Modern Equivalent:
The local person who knows everyone's business and gets pulled into workplace conflicts they'd rather avoid
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches how external stress acts like a truth serum, revealing people's real priorities and temperament.
Practice This Today
Next time your workplace faces a crisis—budget cuts, layoffs, system failures—notice who becomes collaborative versus controlling, who offers solutions versus complaints.
You have the foundation. Now let's look closer.
Key Quotes & Analysis
"he was not a man who had mounted a horse, but a man who was one with his horse, a being consequently possessed of twofold strength"
Context: Describing the esaul's natural ease compared to Denísov's discomfort in the rain
This shows how some people are naturally suited to their environment while others struggle. The esaul's comfort isn't just skill - it's an innate fit between person and circumstance that gives him advantages others lack.
In Today's Words:
Some people are just built for this kind of work - they don't fight the job, they become the job
"Like his horse, which turned its head and laid its ears back, he shrank from the driving rain and gazed anxiously before him"
Context: Describing Denísov's visible discomfort and worry in the harsh weather
Tolstoy links Denísov to his horse to show how external pressure affects both man and beast equally. Even experienced leaders feel the weight of difficult conditions, and it shows in their body language and decisions.
In Today's Words:
He was clearly having a rough day and it showed - hunched shoulders, worried expression, the whole package
"His thin face with its short, thick black beard looked angry"
Context: Showing how the weather and stress of command affect Denísov's mood and appearance
Physical description reveals internal state. Denísov's anger isn't just about rain - it's frustration with circumstances beyond his control while carrying responsibility for others' lives.
In Today's Words:
You could see he was pissed off just by looking at him
Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Pressure Test - When Stress Reveals Who You Really Are
External stress strips away social facades and reveals people's true character and priorities.
Thematic Threads
Leadership
In This Chapter
Denísov must make crucial military decisions with incomplete information while managing his team's morale and his own anxiety
Development
Continues exploring how command responsibility weighs on individuals throughout the war
In Your Life:
You face this when managing any team, from work projects to family decisions, where others depend on your choices
Class
In This Chapter
Young aristocrat Pétya's enthusiasm contrasts with seasoned fighters who understand war's harsh realities
Development
Ongoing theme of how social background shapes perspective on shared experiences
In Your Life:
You see this when colleagues from different backgrounds approach the same workplace challenges with vastly different assumptions
Experience
In This Chapter
The gap between Pétya's romantic view of warfare and the veterans' grim professionalism creates tension and concern
Development
Recurring exploration of how experience shapes judgment and expectations
In Your Life:
You encounter this training new employees or watching family members make mistakes you've already learned from
Endurance
In This Chapter
The guerrilla fighters must maintain effectiveness despite physical discomfort, hunger, and uncertainty
Development
Builds on earlier themes about persistence through hardship during wartime
In Your Life:
You face this during any extended difficult period—caring for sick family, working multiple jobs, or pushing through career setbacks
Decision-Making
In This Chapter
Denísov must choose between attacking alone or potentially losing the opportunity to German allies
Development
Continues examining how people make choices under pressure with incomplete information
In Your Life:
You face this in major life decisions—job changes, relationships, medical treatments—where waiting for perfect information means missing opportunities
Modern Adaptation
When the Grant Money Runs Out
Following Andrew's story...
Andrew's community center faces a crisis—their main grant was denied, staff haven't been paid in weeks, and the board meeting to decide the center's fate is tomorrow. Rain pounds the building's leaky roof as Andrew sits with his skeleton crew: Maria, the veteran program director who's grown increasingly sharp-tongued about Andrew's idealistic plans; Jake, the young volunteer coordinator still convinced they can save everything with a viral fundraising campaign; and Dr. Chen, who's been running free health clinics here for years. The stress strips away everyone's usual politeness. Maria snaps about Andrew's 'rich boy solutions,' Jake keeps pitching unrealistic social media schemes, while Dr. Chen quietly packs medical supplies, already planning her exit. Andrew realizes he has to make the call—shut down gracefully or gamble everything on Jake's crowdfunding idea. The missing information they're waiting for—whether the city will extend their lease—won't come until after they need to decide. Everyone's hungry, tired, and watching their life's work potentially crumble, and the pressure reveals who they really are when the mission they all claimed to share faces extinction.
The Road
The road Denísov walked in 1812, Andrew walks today. The pattern is identical: external pressure strips away social facades and reveals true character when crucial decisions must be made with incomplete information.
The Map
Andrew learns that crisis reveals people's core values, not their stated ones. When resources disappear and stakes rise, watch who protects the mission versus who protects themselves.
Amplification
Before reading this, Andrew might have taken everyone's commitment to the center at face value, blindsided when stress revealed different priorities. Now he can NAME character under pressure, PREDICT who'll stay loyal when times get tough, NAVIGATE leadership decisions by understanding what pressure reveals about his team.
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
How does the rain and hunger affect each character differently in Denísov's guerrilla band?
analysis • surface - 2
Why does Denísov become more irritable while Pétya stays enthusiastic under the same difficult conditions?
analysis • medium - 3
Think of a time when stress or pressure revealed someone's true character at work or in your family. What did you learn about them?
application • medium - 4
When you're evaluating someone for an important role in your life, what small stresses could you observe to predict how they'll handle bigger challenges?
application • deep - 5
What does this chapter suggest about the difference between who we appear to be and who we really are?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Map Your Pressure Points
Think about the last three times you felt stressed or under pressure. Write down what specific pressures you faced and how you responded. Then identify the pattern: What does pressure consistently reveal about your character? Are you someone who takes charge, shuts down, gets angry, or becomes more helpful?
Consider:
- •Consider both work pressures and personal life pressures
- •Look for patterns across different types of stress, not just one incident
- •Think about what others might have observed about your behavior during these times
Journaling Prompt
Write about someone in your life who you thought you knew well until you saw them under pressure. What did that experience teach you about reading people's true character?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 303: The Scout Returns
What lies ahead teaches us to gather intelligence before making important decisions, and shows us some people naturally excel at difficult, dangerous work. These patterns appear in literature and life alike.