Original Text(~68 words)
These reasonings have no logical connection: “I am richer than you, therefore I am your superior.” “I am more eloquent than you, therefore I am your superior.” The true logical connection is rather this: “I am richer than you, therefore my possessions must exceed yours.” “I am more eloquent than you, therefore my style must surpass yours.” But you, after all, consist neither in property nor in style.
Continue reading the full chapter
Purchase the complete book to access all chapters and support classic literature
As an Amazon Associate, we earn a small commission from qualifying purchases at no additional cost to you.
Available in paperback, hardcover, and e-book formats
Summary
Epictetus cuts through one of society's most persistent lies: that having more stuff makes you a better person. He shows how people constantly make logical errors when they say things like 'I'm richer than you, so I'm superior' or 'I'm more articulate, so I'm better.' These statements don't actually connect. If you're richer, all that proves is you have more money. If you're more eloquent, it just means you speak better. Neither says anything about your worth as a human being. This matters because we live in a world obsessed with external markers of success. Social media feeds us constant comparisons about who has the nicer car, bigger house, or fancier vacation. Epictetus reminds us that these comparisons are fundamentally flawed. Your possessions are just things you own. Your speaking ability is just a skill you've developed. But you - your character, your choices, your response to life's challenges - exist separately from these external qualities. This isn't about rejecting success or pretending money doesn't matter. It's about understanding what actually defines human worth. When someone tries to make you feel small because of what they have, remember: they're making a logical error. When you catch yourself feeling superior because of your advantages, pause and recognize the same mistake. Your true value lies in how you handle whatever circumstances you face, not in the circumstances themselves.
That's what happens. To understand what the author is really doing—and to discuss this chapter with confidence—keep reading.
Terms to Know
Logical fallacy
A mistake in reasoning where the conclusion doesn't actually follow from the evidence given. Epictetus shows how people make these errors when they assume having more money or better speaking skills makes them superior human beings.
Modern Usage:
We see this constantly on social media when people assume someone with a luxury car is automatically more successful in life, or when we judge someone's intelligence based on their accent.
External goods
Things outside yourself that you can gain or lose - money, possessions, reputation, even talents and skills. Stoics taught that these don't determine your worth because they're not fully under your control.
Modern Usage:
Today we might call these 'status symbols' - the designer handbag, the job title, the follower count that people use to measure success.
False superiority
The mistaken belief that having advantages in one area makes you a better person overall. Epictetus argues this confuses what you have with who you are.
Modern Usage:
This shows up when wealthy people assume they're smarter than everyone else, or when educated people look down on those with less formal schooling.
Character vs. circumstances
The Stoic distinction between your inner qualities (how you respond to life) and your outer situation (what happens to you). Your character is what actually defines you.
Modern Usage:
We see this when someone loses their job but handles it with dignity, or when someone gets promoted but becomes arrogant - the circumstances changed, but their character showed through.
Syllogistic reasoning
A form of logical argument where you start with premises and draw conclusions. Epictetus uses this to show how people make false connections between having more stuff and being worth more as humans.
Modern Usage:
This is like saying 'All doctors are smart, Sarah is smart, therefore Sarah must be a doctor' - the logic doesn't work, just like 'Rich people are successful, I'm rich, therefore I'm better than poor people.'
Characters in This Chapter
The wealthy person
Example of false reasoning
Represents someone who believes their money makes them superior to others. Epictetus uses this character to show how riches only prove you have more possessions, not that you're a better human being.
Modern Equivalent:
The person who name-drops expensive brands to seem important
The eloquent speaker
Example of confused logic
Demonstrates how people mistake skill in one area for overall superiority. This character thinks being articulate makes them better than others, when it only means they speak well.
Modern Equivalent:
The coworker who uses big words to make others feel stupid
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches readers to identify when people confuse what they have with who they are.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when someone uses possessions, titles, or skills to claim general superiority - then mentally separate their actual advantage from their character.
You have the foundation. Now let's look closer.
Key Quotes & Analysis
"I am richer than you, therefore I am your superior."
Context: Epictetus presents this as an example of flawed reasoning that people commonly use
This quote captures how people confuse having more resources with being worth more as humans. It's a logical error because wealth only tells us about someone's financial situation, not their character or value.
In Today's Words:
I've got more money than you, so I'm better than you.
"I am richer than you, therefore my possessions must exceed yours."
Context: Epictetus contrasts this logical statement with the false reasoning above
This shows proper reasoning - if you're richer, then yes, you have more stuff. That's all it proves. It's a factual statement about possessions, not a judgment about human worth.
In Today's Words:
I have more money than you, so obviously I own more expensive things.
"But you, after all, consist neither in property nor in style."
Context: The conclusion that separates your true self from external things
This is the key insight - your identity isn't your bank account or your way of speaking. These are things you have or do, but they're not who you are at your core.
In Today's Words:
But the real you isn't your stuff or how you talk.
Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Road of False Equations - When People Confuse Having with Being
The automatic assumption that external possessions or achievements determine internal human worth.
Thematic Threads
Class
In This Chapter
Epictetus directly challenges class-based assumptions about human worth, showing how wealth doesn't equal superiority
Development
Building on earlier themes about controlling what you can control - here focusing on not letting others' possessions control your self-worth
In Your Life:
You might catch yourself feeling inferior in wealthy neighborhoods or superior when you have something others don't
Identity
In This Chapter
The chapter separates true identity from external markers, defining self-worth independent of possessions
Development
Deepening the exploration of what actually constitutes the self versus external circumstances
In Your Life:
You might realize you've been defining yourself by your job title, income, or things you own rather than your character
Social Expectations
In This Chapter
Exposes how society teaches us to judge and rank people based on what they have rather than who they are
Development
Continuing the theme of questioning societal assumptions about what matters
In Your Life:
You might notice how you automatically make assumptions about people based on their car, clothes, or neighborhood
Personal Growth
In This Chapter
Growth comes from recognizing and correcting these false logical connections we make daily
Development
Part of the ongoing theme that wisdom involves changing how we think, not just what we think about
In Your Life:
You might start questioning your own assumptions about what makes someone valuable or successful
Modern Adaptation
When the Promotion Goes Sideways
Following Ellen's story...
Maya watches her coworker Derek get promoted to shift supervisor at the warehouse. Suddenly, Derek starts talking differently - mentioning his 'management responsibilities' and 'leadership role' in every conversation. He corrects people's procedures with a new authority, references company policies like he wrote them, and subtly distances himself from the crew he worked beside for three years. When Maya suggests a more efficient loading process, Derek dismisses it, saying 'When you have management experience, you'll understand.' Maya feels the sting but something doesn't add up. Derek got a $2/hour raise and a clipboard. He's still working the same floor, still clocking in at 6 AM, still getting his hands dirty. The promotion changed his paycheck and his title, but Maya realizes it didn't actually change who Derek is as a person. His new authority is real, but his assumption that it makes him inherently superior is a logical leap. Derek is confusing his new role with his worth as a human being.
The Road
The road Epictetus walked in ancient Rome, Maya walks today in a modern warehouse. The pattern is identical: people mistake external achievements for internal worth, leaping from 'I have more authority' to 'I am a better person.'
The Map
This chapter gives Maya the tools to separate role from character. She can respect Derek's new position while recognizing that his worth as a person remains exactly what it was before the promotion.
Amplification
Before reading this, Maya might have internalized Derek's superiority claims or felt genuinely lesser because of his new title. Now she can NAME the logical error, PREDICT how authority changes behavior, and NAVIGATE workplace hierarchies without losing her sense of self-worth.
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
What logical error does Epictetus point out when people say 'I'm richer than you, so I'm superior'?
analysis • surface - 2
Why do we automatically connect having more stuff with being a better person, even when it doesn't make logical sense?
analysis • medium - 3
Where do you see people making these false equations between possessions and worth in your daily life - at work, on social media, or in your community?
application • medium - 4
When someone tries to make you feel small because of what they have, how could you respond while avoiding the same logical trap?
application • deep - 5
If external things don't determine human worth, what should we actually use to measure character and value?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Spot the False Equation
Think of three recent situations where you witnessed someone (including yourself) making the leap from 'I have this' to 'I am superior.' Write down each situation and identify exactly where the logical error happens. Then rewrite each statement to separate what someone has from who they are as a person.
Consider:
- •Look for subtle versions - not just obvious bragging, but quiet assumptions about worth
- •Notice how these false equations make both the speaker and listener feel
- •Consider how separating 'having' from 'being' changes the power dynamic
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when you caught yourself feeling either superior or inferior based on possessions or achievements. How would you handle that same situation now, focusing on character instead of externals?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 44: Don't Judge Without Understanding Motives
Moving forward, we'll examine to separate actions from judgments about character, and understand understanding motives matters before making assessments. These insights bridge the gap between classic literature and modern experience.