Original Text(~250 words)
Jean Valjean entered the town. It was the hour when the public-houses are closing their doors. A little tavern-keeper was closing his inn, which was situated at the corner of a street, at the same time that he was lighting his lamp. Jean Valjean asked for a lodging. The tavern-keeper cast a glance at him, saw that he was poorly clad, and said: 'I have no room.' 'Very well,' replied Jean Valjean; 'but put me somewhere—in the stable, for instance.' 'I cannot.' 'Why?' 'The horses occupy all the space.' 'Well,' resumed Jean Valjean, 'a corner of the hay-loft then. A truss of straw. We will see about that after dinner.' 'I cannot give you any dinner.' This declaration, made in a measured but firm tone, struck Jean Valjean. He took off his cap; he placed it on the threshold of the inn; then he entered the room, and sat down close to the door, on a stone seat which stood in the chimney corner. No one spoke. He sat there for a few moments with his head in his hands. The tavern-keeper approached him, and touched him on the shoulder. 'My friend, you must leave here.' Jean Valjean raised his head and answered gently: 'Ah! You don't want me to remain?' 'No.' 'But why?' 'You have no money.' 'But I have told you that I would pay.' 'You have no money,' repeated the tavern-keeper, placing his hand on Jean Valjean's shoulder, and pushing him toward the door. Jean Valjean rose, picked up his knapsack, and went out. He crossed the square, and walked straight ahead, haphazard, keeping close to the houses, like a sad and humiliated man. He did not turn round once. If he had turned round, he would have seen the tavern-keeper of the Croix-de-Colbas standing on his threshold, surrounded by all the travelers of his inn, and the inhabitants of the house, talking vivaciously, and pointing him out with his finger; and, from the glances of terror and distrust which were cast upon him, he would have been able to realize that his arrival in the town would soon become an event. He saw nothing of all this. People crushed by grief do not look behind them. They only know that misfortune follows them.
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Summary
After being rejected by the tavern, Jean Valjean is desperate and bitter. In the middle of the night, he steals the Bishop's silver plates and flees. He's caught by gendarmes who recognize him as an ex-convict and bring him back to the Bishop. Instead of condemning him, the Bishop tells the police that he GAVE the silver to Valjean, and even adds two silver candlesticks, saying Valjean forgot to take them. The Bishop then tells Valjean to use the silver to become an honest man. This single act of mercy shatters Valjean's bitterness. For the first time in decades, someone has treated him with dignity instead of judgment. The Bishop's compassion becomes the catalyst for Valjean's complete transformation. This is the novel's most pivotal moment—where mercy breaks the cycle of crime and creates the possibility of redemption. The silver candlesticks become a symbol of Valjean's promise to become a better person. Hugo shows that transformation isn't just about punishment ending—it's about someone seeing your humanity and giving you a chance.
That's what happens. To understand what the author is really doing—and to discuss this chapter with confidence—keep reading.
Terms to Know
Redemption
The action of being saved from sin, error, or evil; in this context, the chance to rebuild one's life and become a better person
Modern Usage:
Like getting a second chance to prove yourself after making mistakes, and actually changing your life for the better
Mercy
Compassion or forgiveness shown toward someone whom it is within one's power to punish or harm
Modern Usage:
Like choosing to help someone instead of punishing them, even when you have the power to do so
Transformation
A complete change in form, nature, or appearance; in this context, a fundamental change in character and life direction
Modern Usage:
Like completely changing who you are and how you live your life after a pivotal moment or experience
Characters in This Chapter
Bishop Myriel
The Bishop who shows mercy to Jean Valjean
The Bishop's act of mercy—claiming he gave Valjean the silver and adding the candlesticks—becomes the catalyst for Valjean's complete transformation. His compassion breaks the cycle of bitterness and crime.
Modern Equivalent:
Someone who, when you've wronged them, chooses to help you instead of punish you, giving you a chance to change
Jean Valjean
The ex-convict who steals the silver and is transformed by mercy
Valjean's theft shows his desperation and bitterness, but the Bishop's mercy shatters his worldview. This moment begins his transformation from a bitter ex-convict to a compassionate man dedicated to helping others.
Modern Equivalent:
Someone who's given up on themselves, does something wrong out of desperation, and then experiences unexpected mercy that changes everything
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
Showing mercy, especially when someone doesn't deserve it, can break cycles of bitterness and create the possibility of transformation.
Practice This Today
Look for opportunities to show mercy in your life—not just forgiveness, but active compassion. When someone wrongs you, consider: could showing them mercy instead of judgment open a door to transformation?
You have the foundation. Now let's look closer.
Key Quotes & Analysis
"And remember this, my brother: you no longer belong to evil, but to good. It is your soul that I am buying for you. I withdraw it from dark thoughts and from the spirit of perdition, and I give it to God!"
Context: The Bishop speaking to Valjean after saving him from arrest
The Bishop doesn't just save Valjean from prison—he gives him a new purpose. By claiming he gave the silver, the Bishop transforms Valjean's theft into a gift, breaking the cycle of crime and punishment. His words give Valjean a new identity: not a criminal, but someone capable of good.
In Today's Words:
You're not a bad person anymore. I'm giving you a chance to be good. I'm taking you away from darkness and giving you to God.
"Jean Valjean was weeping. He had never wept for nineteen years."
Context: Valjean's emotional response to the Bishop's mercy
After 19 years of bitterness and hardening, Valjean finally breaks down. The Bishop's mercy touches something in him that punishment never could—his humanity. This moment marks the beginning of his transformation.
In Today's Words:
Jean Valjean was crying. He hadn't cried in 19 years.
Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Road of Transformation
Radical acts of mercy, especially when least deserved, can shatter bitterness and create the possibility of complete transformation
Thematic Threads
Redemption
In This Chapter
The Bishop's mercy gives Valjean the chance to redeem himself
Development
Mercy creates the possibility of transformation
In Your Life:
Think about when someone showed you mercy when you didn't deserve it. How did it change you?
Transformation
In This Chapter
Valjean's worldview is shattered by the Bishop's compassion
Development
External mercy plus internal choice creates transformation
In Your Life:
Consider what would need to happen for you to completely transform your life. What role would mercy play?
Modern Adaptation
The Silver Candlesticks
Following Jean's story...
Jean is desperate. He's been rejected everywhere, he's hungry, he's bitter. He breaks into Pastor Marcus's church at night and steals the offering money—maybe $200. He's caught by security cameras and the police bring him back. Pastor Marcus sees Jean, recognizes his desperation, and does something radical: he tells the police that he gave Jean the money. 'Oh yes,' he says, 'I gave him that. And he forgot something—here, take this too.' He pulls out his own wallet and gives Jean more money. The police leave, confused. Jean is stunned. 'Why?' he asks. 'You could have sent me to prison.' 'Because you're not a thief,' Pastor Marcus says. 'You're a person who made a desperate choice. And now you have a choice: stay stuck in bitterness, or become the person you're meant to be. I'm giving you a chance. Don't waste it.' Jean breaks down crying—he hasn't cried in years. This moment changes everything. The mercy breaks through his bitterness and opens a door he thought was closed forever.
The Road
Jean's road was paved with bitterness and desperation. But Pastor Marcus's mercy shows him a different path—one of redemption and transformation.
The Map
The map shows how radical mercy can break cycles of crime and poverty. It also shows the trap: when we only punish, we create bitterness. But when we show mercy, we open doors to transformation.
Amplification
The silver candlesticks teach us that mercy isn't weakness—it's transformative power. When we show compassion instead of judgment, especially to those who least deserve it, we break cycles and open doors to redemption. One act of radical mercy can change everything.
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
Why does the Bishop lie to protect Jean Valjean? What does this tell us about the relationship between truth and mercy?
analysis • deep - 2
How does the Bishop's act of mercy differ from simply forgiving Valjean?
reflection • medium - 3
Have you ever experienced or witnessed an act of radical mercy? How did it change the situation?
application • surface
Critical Thinking Exercise
The Mercy Transformation
The Bishop's mercy transforms Valjean completely. Think about how radical acts of compassion can break cycles and create transformation.
Consider:
- •What's the difference between mercy and being taken advantage of?
- •How can we show mercy while still maintaining boundaries?
- •When have you shown judgment when mercy might have been more transformative?
- •What prevents us from showing radical mercy to others?
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when you showed someone mercy when they didn't deserve it, or when someone showed you mercy. How did it transform the situation? How did it change you?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 4: Volume I, Book 3: In the Year 1817 - Fantine
Moving forward, we'll examine economic vulnerability creates impossible choices, and understand society often punishes those it has already failed. These insights bridge the gap between classic literature and modern experience.