Original Text(~86 words)
T11. he thirty spokes unite in the one nave; but it is on the empty space (for the axle), that the use of the wheel depends. Clay is fashioned into vessels; but it is on their empty hollowness, that their use depends. The door and windows are cut out (from the walls) to form an apartment; but it is on the empty space (within), that its use depends. Therefore, what has a (positive) existence serves for profitable adaptation, and what has not that for (actual) usefulness.
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Summary
Lao Tzu presents one of his most practical and immediately understandable teachings through three simple examples from daily life. He points to a wheel, explaining that while we see the thirty spokes, it's actually the empty hub in the center that allows the wheel to turn and be useful. Similarly, clay pots are valuable not because of the clay itself, but because of the hollow space inside that can hold things. Doors and windows are useful precisely because they create openings—empty spaces—in otherwise solid walls. This chapter reveals a fundamental principle about how the world actually works: often, what we can't see or what appears to be 'nothing' is actually what makes everything function. In our daily lives, we tend to focus on the visible, tangible things—the spokes, the clay, the walls. But Lao Tzu is teaching us to notice and appreciate the invisible forces and spaces that make life possible. This applies far beyond physical objects. Think about silence in music, pauses in conversation, rest between work periods, or even the space between thoughts. The emptiness isn't useless—it's essential. For working people especially, this wisdom offers a new way to value things that might seem unproductive: downtime, listening, flexibility, and the ability to remain open to possibilities. Sometimes the most powerful thing you can do is create space rather than fill it.
That's what happens. To understand what the author is really doing—and to discuss this chapter with confidence—keep reading.
Terms to Know
Wu Wei
The Taoist principle of 'non-action' or effortless action - working with natural forces rather than against them. It's about knowing when NOT to act, when to step back and let things unfold naturally.
Modern Usage:
Like a good manager who doesn't micromanage, or knowing when to stay quiet during an argument instead of making it worse.
Yin and Yang
The idea that opposite forces actually complement and depend on each other. One cannot exist without the other - they create balance together.
Modern Usage:
We see this in work-life balance, how rest makes us more productive, or how listening makes us better communicators.
The Tao
Literally means 'the Way' - the natural order or flow of the universe. It's the underlying pattern that connects everything, like an invisible current running through life.
Modern Usage:
Similar to when we talk about 'going with the flow' or finding our 'path in life' - recognizing there's a natural rhythm to follow.
Paradox
A statement that seems contradictory but reveals a deeper truth. Lao Tzu uses paradoxes to show how our usual way of thinking might be backwards.
Modern Usage:
Like how 'less is more' in design, or how the quietest person in the room often has the most influence.
Negative Space
The empty or open areas that give shape and function to what surrounds them. In art and life, what's NOT there is often what makes everything else work.
Modern Usage:
Architects use negative space in building design, and we use it when we schedule downtime to be more effective at work.
Utility vs. Substance
The difference between what something is made of and what makes it actually useful. Often the usefulness comes from what's absent, not what's present.
Modern Usage:
A smartphone's value isn't in its metal and plastic, but in its ability to connect us - the invisible networks and empty airwaves.
Characters in This Chapter
Lao Tzu
Sage teacher
The narrator and wisdom teacher who uses everyday examples to reveal profound truths. He points to simple objects to show how the world really works, focusing on what we usually overlook.
Modern Equivalent:
The wise coworker who sees the big picture and helps you understand why things work the way they do
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches how to identify when the most powerful move is not making a move at all.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when silence in a conversation reveals more than words, or when stepping back at work allows better solutions to emerge naturally.
You have the foundation. Now let's look closer.
Key Quotes & Analysis
"The thirty spokes unite in the one nave; but it is on the empty space (for the axle), that the use of the wheel depends."
Context: Opening example showing how emptiness creates function
This reveals that what appears to be 'nothing' is actually essential for everything to work. The wheel spokes are visible and seem important, but without the empty center, the wheel can't turn.
In Today's Words:
You can have all the parts, but if there's no room for movement, nothing works.
"Clay is fashioned into vessels; but it is on their empty hollowness, that their use depends."
Context: Second example reinforcing the lesson about emptiness and utility
This shows that the value isn't in the material itself, but in the space it creates. A cup without hollow space inside is just a lump of clay - useless.
In Today's Words:
It's not what you're made of, it's the space you create for others that makes you valuable.
"Therefore, what has a (positive) existence serves for profitable adaptation, and what has not that for (actual) usefulness."
Context: Final conclusion tying all examples together
This summarizes the entire teaching - the visible, tangible things help us adapt and work with the world, but the invisible, empty spaces are what make life actually function.
In Today's Words:
The stuff you can see helps you get by, but the stuff you can't see is what actually makes everything work.
Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Power of Strategic Emptiness
The most essential elements are often the invisible spaces and pauses that make everything else function.
Thematic Threads
Value Recognition
In This Chapter
Understanding that what appears empty or useless often has the greatest value
Development
Introduced here as a core principle
In Your Life:
You might undervalue your rest time, quiet moments, or ability to listen without always responding.
Counterintuitive Wisdom
In This Chapter
Teaching that goes against common sense—emptiness creates usefulness
Development
Building on earlier themes about paradox and non-obvious truths
In Your Life:
You might find that stepping back sometimes gets you further ahead than pushing forward.
Hidden Function
In This Chapter
The invisible elements that make visible things work
Development
Introduced here through physical examples
In Your Life:
You might not recognize how your quiet presence at work actually holds the team together.
Practical Philosophy
In This Chapter
Using everyday objects to teach profound life principles
Development
Continuing the pattern of grounding wisdom in common experience
In Your Life:
You might start seeing deeper lessons in ordinary situations around you.
Space Creation
In This Chapter
The active choice to leave room for others and for possibilities
Development
Introduced here as a form of power
In Your Life:
You might realize that creating space for others to speak or act is actually a form of leadership.
Modern Adaptation
When the Promotion Goes Sideways
Following Lin's story...
Marcus had been grinding for months to become shift supervisor at the warehouse. When he finally got promoted, he tried to prove himself by being everywhere at once—checking every pallet, answering every question, solving every problem. His team started avoiding him. Productivity dropped. His boss pulled him aside after three weeks: 'You're micromanaging.' That night, Marcus called his mentor, an executive coach known as Lin. 'I thought leadership meant doing more,' Marcus said. Lin smiled. 'Watch a good supervisor tomorrow. Don't watch what they do—watch what they don't do.' The next day, Marcus observed Sarah, the best supervisor in the building. She wasn't rushing around. She positioned herself where she could see everything but didn't interfere unless asked. She asked questions instead of giving orders. She created space for her team to figure things out. When problems arose, she paused, listened, then responded thoughtfully. Her team moved like a well-oiled machine because she wasn't constantly tinkering with the gears.
The Road
The road Lao Tzu walked 2,400 years ago, Lin walks today. The pattern is identical: true power comes from creating space, not filling it.
The Map
This chapter provides a navigation tool for leadership: the most effective action is often strategic non-action. Create space for others to contribute rather than trying to control everything.
Amplification
Before reading this, Lin might have equated leadership with constant activity and visible control. Now they can NAME the power of strategic emptiness, PREDICT when stepping back will be more effective than stepping in, and NAVIGATE leadership by knowing when to act and when to create space.
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
What examples does Lao Tzu use to show how emptiness creates usefulness?
analysis • surface - 2
Why do we naturally focus on the visible parts (spokes, clay, walls) rather than the empty spaces that make them work?
analysis • medium - 3
Where do you see this pattern in your workplace - situations where the most valuable contribution is creating space rather than filling it?
application • medium - 4
Think of a recent conflict or stressful situation. How might creating 'emptiness' - pausing, listening, or stepping back - have changed the outcome?
application • deep - 5
What does this chapter suggest about the difference between being productive and being effective?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Map Your Power Spaces
Make two lists: first, write down all the ways you typically try to add value at work or home (what you DO). Then create a second list of moments when you create space - when you listen, pause, or step back. Compare the lists and identify one situation this week where you could try creating strategic emptiness instead of filling space.
Consider:
- •Notice which list feels more natural to you and why
- •Consider how others respond when you create space versus when you fill it
- •Think about the energy difference between adding and allowing
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when someone gave you space to figure something out on your own. How did that feel different from when someone immediately jumped in to help or advise you?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 12: The Trap of Wanting More
The coming pages reveal endless desires create internal chaos and dissatisfaction, and teach us chasing external validation leads to spiritual emptiness. These discoveries help us navigate similar situations in our own lives.